Avogadro’s Law: Avogadro's Law states that, at constant temperature and pressure, equal volumes of gases contain an equal number of molecules.

At a certain fixed temperature and pressure the molar volume (V/n) of the real gases are nearly equal and at STP the limit is 22.4 L mol^-1.

Then, V_1\over n_1 = V_2\over n_2

or, V_1\over n_1 = V_2\over n_2 = K, where K is Avogadro constant,

This implies that V ∝ n

As the number of moles increases, the volume increases, supporting Avogadro’s Law.

For A:

Vapour density of A = 32

Molar Mass of A (M_A) = 2 × 32 = 64

For B:

Vapour density of B = 16

Molar Mass of A (M_A) = 2 × 16 = 32

From the balanced equation:

2A + B → C

The molar mass of C (M_C) can be calculated using the molar masses of A and B:

M_C = 2M_A + M_B

= 2 × 64 + 32

= 160

∴ Vapour density of C = 160\\over 2 = 80

OR

(i) According to the equation, 2 moles of ZnS produce 2 moles of ZnO.

So, 100 moles of ZnS will produce 100 moles of ZnO.

Molar mass of ZnO = 65.5 + 16 = 81.5 g

∴ Mass of 100 moles of ZnO = 8150 g

(ii) According to the equation, 2 moles of ZnS produce 2 moles of SO₂.

Therefore, 100 moles of ZnS will produce 100 moles of SO₂.

An example of volume expansion of a liquid is water when heated. As the temperature increases, the molecules gain kinetic energy, causing the water to expand and occupy a larger volume.

Coefficient of Area Expansion (β) :

β = ΔA\over A_1 ΔT

Units: K^-1 or  °C^-1

OR

The conduction of heat through a solid depends on:

1. Material: Different materials have varying thermal conductivities.
2. Temperature difference: A greater temperature difference increases the rate of heat conduction.
3. Cross-sectional Area: Larger areas enhance heat transfer, while greater thickness reduces it.

Dispersion of Light is the process by which white light splits into its constituent colours when it passes through a prism.

No, there will not be a dispersion of white light within a glass slab.

Angle of incidence (i) = 30º

Angle of emergence (e) = 45º

A = 60º (equilateral triangle prism)

Deviation (δ) = i + e -A

= 30º + 45º - 60º

= 15º

The angle of deviation is 15º.

OR

Calculate the Velocity of Light in the Medium

Speed of light in vacuum (c) = 3 × 10⁸ m/s

Refractive index (μ) = 1.5

Velocity of Light in the Medium = 3 × 10^8\over 1.5

= 2 × 10⁸ m/s

Calculate the Wavelength in the Medium

λ₀ = wavelength in air (given as 6000 A˚)

λ = λ_o\over 1.5 = 6 × 10^{-7} \over 1.5

λ = 4 × 10^-7 m = 4000 Å

ρ_A ​= 1.6×10^-8 Ω⋅m

ρ_B​ = 3.2×10^-8 Ω⋅m

R =ρL\over A

A_A\over A_B = ρ_A\over ρ_B

Or, A_A\over A_B = 1.6×10^{-8}\over 3.2×10^{-8}  = 1.6\over 3.2

Or, A_A\over A_B = 1\over 2

The ratio of their cross sections should be = 1 : 2

OR

Calculate the Series Combination

R_s = R₁ + R₂

R_s = 10 Ω + 10 Ω = 20 Ω

Calculate the Parallel Combination

{1\over R_{eq}} = {1\over R_s}  + {1\over R_3}

or, {1\over R_{eq}} = {1\over 20}  + {1\over 20}

or, {1\over R_{eq}} = {1 + 1\over 20}

or, {1\over R_{eq}} = {2\over 20}

or, R_eq = 10 Ω

Electrical power is the rate at which electrical energy is consumed or converted into other forms of energy.

The rating of a bulb as 220 V - 100 W means:

• 220 V: It should be connected to a power supply of 220 volts for optimal performance.
• 100 W: It consumes 100 watts of electrical power, which indicates how much energy it uses per unit of time.

Radioactive rays are emitted from the nucleus of an atom.

Penetrating Power and Ionizing Power

• Gamma rays have the highest penetrating power.
• Alpha particles have the highest ionizing power.

Dissimilarity with Group 1 Elements:

• Hydrogen is a non-metal, whereas group 1 elements are metals.

Dissimilarity with Group 17 Elements:

• Valence electron: Hydrogen has 1 valence electron, while group 17 elements have 7 valence electrons.
• Hydrogen follows the duplet rule, whereas Group 17 elements follow the octet rule

OR

Decreasing Order of Atomic Radius:

Rb > K > Na > Li

Increasing Order of Electronegativity (Group 16):

Te < Se < S < O

Decreasing Order of Reducing Power (Group 2):

Ca > Sr > Mg > Be

Electrolytes are classified as strong and weak based on their ability to dissociate into ions when dissolved in water.

Strong Electrolytes: These completely dissociate into ions in solution, resulting in a high concentration of ions. This leads to good electrical conductivity.

• Example: Sodium chloride (NaCl)

Weak Electrolytes: These partially dissociate into ions in solution, resulting in a lower concentration of ions and therefore weaker electrical conductivity.

• Example: Acetic acid (CH₃COOH)

Manufacturing of Nitric Oxide

• Process: Ammonia is oxidized with aerial oxygen to produce nitric oxide.
• Catalyst: Platinum (Pt) catalyst.
• Conditions: 900 °C, 5 - 7 atm

Balanced Chemical Equation

4NH₃ (g) + 5O₂ ​ (g) {{\overset{Pt,\ 800°C, 5 - 7 atm}{\longrightarrow}}} ​ 4NO(g) + 6H₂ ​O(g)

Compounds A and B with the molecular formula C₂H₆O could be:

Compound A

• Name - Ethanol
• Structural formula - CH₃CH₂OH

Compound B

• Name - Dimethyl ether
• Structural formula - CH₃OCH₃

Reaction of A (Ethanol) with Metallic Sodium

2CH₃​CH₂​OH + 2Na → 2CH₃​CH₂​ONa + H₂​(g)

OR

Catalyst Required: Nickel (Ni)

Temperature: 160°C

Balanced Chemical Equation

Ethylene (C₂H₄) reacts with hydrogen (H₂) to form ethane (C₂H₆).

C₂H₄ ​ (g) + H₂ ​ (g) {{\overset{Ni,\ 160 °C}{\longrightarrow}}} ​ C₂H₆ ​ (g)

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is commonly used as a fuel for vehicles.