Chapter – 2 : Biology is the Study of Patterns and Processes of Life and its Diversity | Chapter Solution Class 9

(b) Taxonomy

Explanation:

Taxonomy is the branch of science that deals with the classification of organisms based on their relationships, similarities, and differences. It helps in identifying, naming, and categorizing species systematically. This classification follows specific principles and rules to maintain uniformity and avoid confusion in naming species.

(a) Haeckel

Explanation:

Ernst Haeckel (1866) first introduced the term ecology, defining it as the study of relationships between organisms and their environment. Ecology focuses on interactions among living organisms and their physical surroundings, including factors such as climate, food availability, and habitat.

(b) Biometry

Explanation:

Biometry is the application of statistical methods to the study of biological data. It is used in areas such as genetics, population studies, and epidemiology to analyze patterns, variations, and predictions based on biological data.

(a) Ecology

Explanation:

Ecology is the branch of biology that studies how organisms interact with their environment. It includes relationships between living organisms and factors such as climate, water, nutrients, and other living beings within an ecosystem.

(c) Ornithology

Explanation:

Ornithology is the branch of zoology that focuses on the study of birds, including their physiology, classification, behavior, and conservation. It is an important field for understanding bird migration, evolution, and biodiversity.

(a) Bacteriology

Explanation:

Bacteriology is the scientific study of bacteria, including their classification, structure, function, and role in diseases and biotechnology. It is a sub-discipline of microbiology and plays a crucial role in medicine, agriculture, and industrial microbiology.

Life.

Explanation:

Biology is the science of life and living organisms. It studies their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, and interactions with their environment.

Biochemistry.

Explanation:

Biochemistry is the branch of science that combines biology and chemistry to study chemical processes and substances occurring in living organisms. It helps in understanding metabolic pathways, molecular biology, and enzymatic functions.

Cytology.

Explanation:

Cytology is the study of cells, including their structure, function, and importance in life processes. It is a fundamental area of biology, especially in medical and genetic research.

Bacteriology.

Explanation:

Bacteriology is the scientific study of bacteria, including their classification, structure, function, and role in health, disease, and biotechnology. It is a subfield of microbiology.

Bioinformatics.

Explanation:

Bioinformatics is the interdisciplinary field that integrates biology with computer science to analyze and interpret biological data, such as genetic sequences and molecular structures. It is widely used in genomics and biomedical research.

True

Explanation:

Space Biology is a field that studies how living organisms, including humans, respond to the conditions of outer space, such as microgravity, cosmic radiation, and lack of atmospheric pressure. It helps in understanding biological changes in astronauts and developing solutions for long-term space missions.

True

Explanation:

Palaeontology is the branch of biology that studies fossilized remains of ancient organisms, including animals and plants. It helps in understanding evolutionary history and reconstructing past environments.

False

Explanation:

Crop rotation helps in soil fertility and prevents exhaustion, rather than causing it. By rotating crops, different plants use and replenish various nutrients, reducing soil depletion and minimizing the risk of pests and diseases.

False

Explanation:

Cytology is the study of cells, not the integration of biology with chemistry. The correct term for the combination of biology and chemistry is Biochemistry, which focuses on the chemical processes occurring within living organisms.

True

Explanation:

Biogeography is the study of the distribution of organisms across different geographical locations and environments. It helps in understanding biodiversity, species migration, and ecological interactions on a global scale.

When a snail is disturbed by a touch, it withdraws into its shell as a defense mechanism. This is a reflex action that helps protect it from potential threats.

Anatomy is the branch of biology that studies the structure of living organisms, including their internal and external parts.

The subject that deals with plants is Botany.

The subject that deals with animals is Zoology.

The term “Ecology” was proposed by Ernst Haeckel in 1866.

Molecular biology is the branch of biology that deals with the study of biological processes at the molecular level, including the structure and function of DNA, RNA, and proteins.

Immunology is the branch of biology that studies the immune system and how the body defends itself against diseases, infections, and foreign substances.

Behavioural biology is the scientific study of animal and human behavior, focusing on how living organisms react to stimuli from their environment.

Ecology is the study of how organisms interact with their environment, including interactions with other species, climate, and ecosystems. It plays a vital role in conservation efforts and environmental protection.

Bioinformatics is the interdisciplinary field that combines biology with computer science to analyze and interpret biological data.

Biometry is the application of statistical and mathematical methods to the study of biological data.

Biology is the study of life and living organisms. It is essential because:

1. Understanding Life Processes: It helps us understand how cells, tissues, and organs function in living organisms.
2. Human Health: Knowledge of biology aids in disease prevention, drug development, and medical advancements.
3. Environmental Conservation: Biology provides insights into biodiversity, ecosystems, and the impact of human activities on nature.
4. Food Production and Agriculture: Helps improve crop yields, develop pest-resistant plants, and enhance food security.
5. Biotechnology and Genetics: Contributes to innovations such as cloning, genetic engineering, and vaccines.

Behavioural Biology studies how living organisms respond to stimuli in their environment. It includes learning, instinct, and conditioned behavior.

Pavlov’s Experiment on Classical Conditioning:

• Russian scientist Ivan Pavlov conducted an experiment on dogs to study learning behavior.
• He noticed that dogs salivate when they see food.
• He introduced a bell sound before presenting food, and over time, the dogs associated the bell with food.
• Eventually, the dogs began to salivate just at the sound of the bell, even without food.

With advancements in science and technology, new branches of biology have emerged, including:

1. Biotechnology: Application of biological processes in industries like agriculture, medicine, and environmental science (e.g., genetically modified crops, vaccines).
2. Genetics and Genomics: Study of heredity, DNA, and gene sequencing (e.g., Human Genome Project).
3. Bioinformatics: Integration of biology and computer science to analyze biological data, such as genetic sequences.
4. Environmental Biology: Study of ecosystems, biodiversity, and climate change.
5. Space Biology: Investigation of how living organisms survive and adapt in space conditions.

Biology is essential in our everyday lives in various ways:

1. Medicine and Health: Helps in the development of vaccines, antibiotics, and treatments for diseases.
2. Agriculture and Food Production: Improves crop growth, pest control, and soil fertility.
3. Genetics and Heredity: Helps understand inherited traits, genetic disorders, and advancements like gene therapy.
4. Environmental Conservation: Addresses issues like pollution, global warming, and biodiversity conservation.
5. Biotechnology and Industry: Produces biodegradable plastics, biofuels, and fermentation-based food products.

Biology plays a significant role in both agriculture and medicine:

In Agriculture:

1. Crop Improvement: Genetically modified crops (GMOs) increase yield and resistance to pests/diseases.
2. Soil Management: Understanding soil microorganisms helps maintain soil fertility.
3. Pest Control: Use of biopesticides and natural predators instead of chemical pesticides.
4. Animal Husbandry: Selective breeding improves livestock quality and productivity.

In Medicine:

1. Disease Diagnosis and Treatment: Helps in detecting and curing diseases (e.g., X-rays, MRI, blood tests).
2. Vaccination: Development of vaccines against diseases like polio, measles, and COVID-19.
3. Genetic Research: Gene therapy is used to treat genetic disorders.
4. Pharmaceuticals: Understanding of biological processes helps create drugs and antibiotics.

Biology has applications in space science and various other fields, such as:

Role of Biology in Space Science:

1. Space Biology: Studies the effect of microgravity on human health, plant growth, and bacterial behavior.
2. Astrobiology: Searches for life beyond Earth and studies extreme environments.
3. Human Adaptation: Helps in designing life-support systems for astronauts in space missions.

Biology in Other Fields:

1. Forensic Science: Uses DNA fingerprinting to solve crimes.
2. Environmental Science: Addresses pollution, climate change, and wildlife conservation.
3. Biotechnology: Develops biofuels, biodegradable plastics, and genetic modifications.
4. Food Industry: Enhances food safety and production through microbiology and fermentation.