Chapter 8.6 – Organic Chemistry

Book Name	: Madhyamik Physical Science And Environment
Subject	: Physical Science
Class	: 10 (Madhyamik)
Publisher	: Oriental Book Company Pvt. Ltd
Chapter Name	: Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter

In-text Questions

Question 8.6.1

State which are organic and which are inorganic compounds. 

Answer

Organic compounds are those that contain carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms, often along with other elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and halogens. Examples of organic compounds include sugars, proteins, fats, and hydrocarbons.

Inorganic compounds, on the other hand, are those that do not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds. They can still contain carbon atoms, but they are typically bonded to other elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, or metals. Examples of inorganic compounds include water, salts, acids, and bases.

Question 8.6.2

Why the carbon compounds Na₂CO₃, CO₂, NaCN are not considered as organic compounds?

Answer

The carbon compounds Na₂CO₃, CO₂, and NaCN are not considered organic compounds because they do not contain carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms, which is a defining characteristic of organic compounds.

Question 8.6.3

What is the difference between organic and inorganic compounds about their melting and boiling points? 

Answer

Organic compounds: Generally have lower melting and boiling points compared to inorganic compounds

Inorganic compounds: Generally have higher melting and boiling points compared to organic compounds

Question 8.6.4

Who proposed the tetravalence of carbon, according to him what was the shape of the methane molecule? 

Answer

The tetravalence of carbon was proposed by the famous organic chemist August Kekulé in the mid-19th century. He suggested that carbon can form up to four covalent bonds with other atoms, including other carbon atoms, which explains the vast diversity of organic compounds.

Question 8.6.5

Who proved that methane molecule is not planer ?

Answer

The non-planarity of the methane molecule was first demonstrated by J.H. van’t Hoff and J.A. Le Bel in 1874, through their independent proposals of the tetrahedral carbon atom.

Question 8.6.6

What is the catenation of carbon?

Answer

Catenation is the property of organic compounds where a large number of carbon atoms link together.

Question 8.6.7

Write the electron dot structure of C₂H₆, C₂H₄ and C₂H₂. 

Answer

Ethane :

Ethene

Ethyne

Question 8.6.8

Show the tetrahedral model of methane. 

Answer

The tetrahedral model of methane shows the arrangement of atoms in a tetrahedral shape, where the carbon atom is located at the center and the four hydrogen atoms are located at the corners of a regular tetrahedron.

Question 8.6.9

What are saturated organic compounds, and what is their characteristic reaction?

Answer

Saturated organic compounds: Saturated organic compounds are a class of organic compounds that contain only single bonds between carbon atoms. They are also known as alkanes or paraffins.

Characteristic reaction:

1. The characteristic reaction of saturated organic compounds is substitution.
2. This is because the carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds in these compounds are relatively weak and can be broken by certain reagents, such as halogens (e.g., chlorine and bromine) or hydrogen halides (e.g., HCl and HBr).

Question 8.6.10

What are unsaturated organic compounds? Mention their characteristic reaction. 

Answer

Unsaturated organic compounds: Unsaturated organic compounds are a class of organic compounds that contain one or more carbon-carbon double or triple bonds.

Characteristic reaction:

1. The characteristic reaction of unsaturated organic compounds in addition.
2. In an addition reaction, the multiple bonds in the molecule is broken and new atoms or groups of atoms are added to the molecule.

Question 8.6.11

Define functional group. What properties of an organic compound are controlled by it? 

Answer

A functional group is a specific group of atoms in an organic molecule that determines its chemical and physical properties and reactivity.

The properties of organic compounds are controlled by their functional groups:

• Chemical reactivity: The functional group determines the chemical reactivity of the organic compound.
• Physical properties: The functional group controls the physical properties of an organic compound, such as melting point, boiling point, solubility, and density.

Question 8.6.12

Give examples of compounds containing (a) hydroxyl group, (b) carboxylic acid group and (c) amino group.

Answer

Some examples of organic compounds containing a hydroxyl group, carboxylic acid group, and amino group:

(a) Hydroxyl group (-OH):

• Ethanol (C₂H₅OH)
• Phenol (C₆H₅OH)

(b) Carboxylic acid group (-COOH):

• Acetic acid (CH₃COOH)
• Formic acid (HCOOH)

(c) Amino group (-NH₂):

• Methylamine (CH₃NH₂)
• Ethylamine (C₂H₅NH₂)

Question 8.6.13

What do you mean by isomerism? Give example. 

Answer

Isomerism is a phenomenon in which two or more molecules have the same chemical formula but different structural arrangements, leading to different physical and chemical properties.

Example: ethanol (CH₃CH₂OH) and dimethyl ether (CH₃OCH₃).

Question 8.6.14

What is structural isomerism? Give example. 

Answer

Structural isomerism is a type of isomerism in which two or more molecules have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas. In other words, structural isomers have the same number of atoms of each element but differ in their bonding arrangements, leading to different physical and chemical properties.

Examples of structural isomers include:

• Butane and isobutane (C₄H₁₀)
• Ethanol and dimethyl ether (C₂H₆O)

Question 8.6.15

Write the structures of isomers with the molecular formula C₂H₆O. Why do these isomers differ in properties? 

Answer

There are two isomers with the molecular formula C₂H₆O:

1. Ethanol: CH₃CH₂OH
2. Dimethyl ether: CH₃OCH₃

The two isomers differ in their structural formula or bonding arrangement, leading to differences in physical and chemical properties.

Question 8.6.16

The general formula C_nH_2n+2O represents two homologous series, what are these? Give example. [Hints: It is the general formula of alcohol and ethers, (i) Homologues of alcohol series, Methyl alcohol (CH₄O), ethyl alcohol (C₂H₆O) etc. (ii) Homologues of ether series, Dimethyl ether (C₂H₆O), ethyl methyl ether (C₃H₈O) etc. 

Answer

The general formula C_nH_2n+2O represents two homologous series:

1. Alcohol (C_nH_2n+1OH)
2. Ether (C_nH_2n+2O)

Example: Ethanol (C₂H₅OH) and Dimethyl ether (CH₃OCH₃)

Question 8.6.17

Write the isomers of C₃H₇Cl. 

Answer

There are two structural isomers of C₃H₇Cl:

1. 1-chloropropane: In this isomer, the chlorine atom is attached to the first carbon atom of the propane chain.
   CH₃– CH₂– CH₂ – Cl
2. 2-chloropropane: In this isomer, the chlorine atom is attached to the second carbon atom of the propane chain.
   CH₃ – CH – Cl – CH₃

Question 8.6.18

What is the next homologue of formic acid? 

Answer

The next homologue of formic acid in the carboxylic acid series is acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid. Acetic acid has the chemical formula CH₃COOH and is a simple organic compound with a methyl group (CH₃) attached to the carboxyl group (COOH).

Question 8.6.19

If you add CH₂ group to formaldehyde what will be the homologue?

Answer

The next homologue of formic acid (HCOOH) is acetic acid (CH₃COOH).

Question 8.6.20

Why IUPAC nomenclature is needed? 

Answer

• IUPAC nomenclature provides a logical and consistent system for naming organic compounds based on their molecular structure.
• The systematic naming of organic compounds allows for the identification and classification of compounds based on their properties and behaviour.

Question 8.6.21

What is alkyl group? Identify the alkyl group in ethyl alcohol. 

Answer

An alkyl group is a hydrocarbon chain that is derived by removing one hydrogen atom from an alkane molecule.

In ethyl alcohol (C₂H₅OH), the alkyl group is the ethyl group (-C₂H₅).

Question 8.6.22

Write the structure of isopropyl alcohol. 

Answer

The structure of isopropyl alcohol, also known as 2-propanol, is:

CH₃-CH(OH)-CH₃

Question 8.6.23

Write the IUPAC name of the following: (i) Isopropyl alcohol (ii) Acetaldehyde (iii) Acetone 

Answer

(i) Isopropyl alcohol is the common name for 2-propanol, which is the IUPAC name.

(ii) The IUPAC name of acetaldehyde is ethanal.

(iii) The IUPAC name of acetone is propan-2-one.

Question 8.6.24

 Write the structure of (i) Propanone (ii) Ethanoic acid (iii) Propanamine.

Answer

(i) Propanone

(ii) Ethanoic

(iii) Propanamine

Question 8.6.25

Mention the industrial source of CH₄ and its use. 

Answer

The main sources are natural gas (90% CH₄), coal mine gas, and coal gas (40-50 % CH₄).

Use of CH₄ : As fuel, preparation of carbon black, to manufacture water gas.

Question 8.6.26

What is oxy-acetylene flame? Mention its use. 

Answer

An oxy-acetylene flame is a type of flame produced by mixing oxygen and acetylene gases in a specific ratio and then igniting them to produce a high-temperature flame with a temperature of about 3300°C.

Use : The oxy-acetylene flame is commonly used in industries such as welding and metal cutting due to its high temperature and versatility.

Question 8.6.27

What is LPG ? Mention its use. 

Answer

LPG stands for Liquefied Petroleum Gas, which is a mixture of hydrocarbon gases primarily propane and butane. It is a byproduct of the crude oil refining process and natural gas processing.

LPG is commonly used as a fuel in various applications such as heating, cooking, and powering vehicles

Question 8.6.28

Give example of a saturated organic compound, give example of its substitution reaction. 

Answer

An example of a saturated organic compound is propane (C₃H₈).

An example of its substitution reaction is the reaction of propane with chlorine in the presence of sunlight to form 1-chloropropane and hydrogen chloride:

C₃H₈ + Cl₂ → CH₃CH₂CH₂Cl + HCl

Question 8.6.29

Mention the constituents of the following: LPG, CNG.

Answer

LPG stands for Liquified Petroleum Gas, which is a mixture of mainly propane and butane gases. It may also contain small amounts of other hydrocarbons like ethane, propylene, and butylene.

CNG stands for Compressed Natural Gas, which is mainly composed of methane gas (around 95%). It may also contain small amounts of other hydrocarbons like ethane, propane, and butane.

Question 8.6.30

What happens when Br₂ is added to (i) C₂H₄ (ii) C₂H₂

Answer

When Br₂ is added to C₂H₄ (ethylene), the double bond of C₂H₄ breaks and forms a halogen derivative (1,2-dibromoethane) as shown below:

When Br₂ is added to C₂H₂ (acetylene), it undergoes an addition reaction and forms tetrabromoethane (C₂H₂Br₄) as shown below:

Question 8.6.31

Write the names of the monomers of the following polymers: (a) Polyethylene (b) Teflon (c) PVC 

Answer

(a) The monomer of polyethylene is ethylene (C₂H₄).

(b) The monomer of Teflon is tetrafluoroethylene (C₂F₄).

(c) The monomer of PVC is vinyl chloride (C₂H₃Cl).

Question 8.6.32

What do you mean by biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes? Give an example of each. 

Answer

Biodegradable wastes are organic materials that can be broken down naturally by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. These wastes can be decomposed into simpler substances that can be assimilated into the environment without causing any harm. Examples of biodegradable wastes include food waste, paper, wood, and leaves.

On the other hand, non-biodegradable wastes are materials that do not decompose naturally or take a very long time to break down. These wastes can persist in the environment for years and may cause harm to living organisms. Examples of non-biodegradable wastes include plastics, metals, glass, and electronic waste.

Question 8.6.33

Why jute and paper should use in packaging?

Answer

Jute and paper are environmentally friendly and sustainable materials, making them ideal for packaging. Here are some reasons why:

1. Jute and paper are eco-friendly and biodegradable materials that can be used for packaging instead of non-biodegradable materials like plastic.
2. Jute is a natural fiber that is strong and durable, making it suitable for packaging of heavy items. It is also biodegradable and compostable, which makes it an environmentally friendly option.
3. Paper is made from wood pulp and is recyclable, biodegradable, and compostable. It can be used for various types of packaging, such as cardboard boxes, bags, and wrappers.

Choose the correct answer

Question 1

Which of the following is an organic compound

1. Urea
2. NaHCO₃
3. CO₃
4. NH₄CNS

Answer

(a) Urea

Explanation:

Urea is an organic compound.

Question 2

Organic compounds are

1. high melting
2. low melting
3. soluble in water
4. conducts electricity in molten state

Answer

(b) low melting point

Explanation:

Organic compounds generally have low melting points.

Question 3

Tetravalence of carbon is proposed by

1. Wohlerl
2. Lavoisier
3. Kekule
4. Vant Hoff

Answer

(c) Kekule

Explanation:

Tetravalence of carbon is proposed by Kekule.

Question 4

Tetrahedral model of carbon compounds proposed by

1. Kekule
2. Rutherford
3. Wohler
4. Vant Hoff

Answer

(d) Vant Hoff

Explanation:

The tetrahedral model of carbon compounds was proposed by Jacobus Henricus van ‘t Hoff

Question 5

Which molecule has tetrahedral geometry ?

1. Methane
2. Ethylene
3. Acetylene
4. Carbon dioxide

Answer

Methane

Explanation:

Methane has tetrahedral geometry.

Question 6

The number of covalent bonds present in ethane is

1. 4
2. 6
3. 7
4. 9

Answer

(c) 7

Explanation:

The number of covalent bonds present in ethane is 7.

Question 7

Which does not react with metallic sodium?

1. Methyl alcohol
2. Ethyl alcohol
3. Acetic acid
4. Dimethyl ether

Answer

(d) Dimethyl ether

Explanation :

Dimethyl ether does not react with metallic sodium.

Question 8

How many positional isomers are possible with the molecular formula C₃H₈O?

1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4

Answer

(b) 2

Explanation:

There are two positional isomers possible with the molecular formula C3H8O: propan-1-ol and propan-2-ol.

Question 9

 How many functional isomers are possible with molecular formula C₃H₈O ?

1. 1
2. 3
3. 2
4. 4

[Hints: One of alcohol (CH₃CH₂CH₂OH) and other one is ether [CH₃CH₂-O-CH₃)

Answer

(c) 2

Explanation:

There are two functional isomers possible with the molecular formula C₃H₈O:

1. Propanol (CH₃CH₂CH₂OH)
2. Propane-1,2-diol (CH₃CH(OH)CH₂OH) or Ether (CH₃CH₂-O-CH₃)

Question 10

IUPAC name of CH₃CH₂CH₂OH is

1. propan-1-ol
2. n-propanol
3. isopropanol
4. propyl alcohol

Answer

(a) propan-1-ol

Explanation:

The IUPAC name of CH₃CH₂CH₂OH is propan-1-ol.

Select the correct word from the words in brackets to complete each sentence.

1. Melting point of organic compounds are ____ than that of inorganic compounds are ____. (high, lower) 
2. Organic compounds are ____ and inorganic compounds are ____ (covalent, electrovalent)
3. Kekule proposed C is ____ and vant Hoff proves C is ____  (tetra valent, tetrahedral)
4. Ethylene contains one ____ covalent bond and two ____ covalent bonds. (double, single)
5. The number of paired electrons in ethylene is  ____ and in acetylene is ____. (10, 12).

Which of the following statements is true and which one is false

1. Methylated spirit contains no ethyl alcohol. 
2. Methyl alcohol is toxic. 
3. Acetic acid has vinegar like smell. 
4. Glass is a biodegradable substance. 
5. Monomer teflon is vinylchioride. 
6. Acetylene reacts with Br₂ to give tetrabromo acetylene. 
7.  Ethane is an unsaturated hydrocarbon. 
8.  Ethylene is used for ripening green fruits. 
9. IUPAC name of formic acid is methanoic acid.
10. Propanol and ethyl methyl ether are positional isomers.

Match the Column-1 with Column-2

Answer the following questions

Question 1

What is the primary source of organic compounds? 

Answer

The primary source of organic compounds is living organisms.

Question 2

What is the geometrical shape of methane? 

Answer

The geometrical shape of methane is tetrahedral.

Question 3

What is the C – C – H bond angle in ethane ? 

Answer

The C-C-H bond angle in ethane is 109.5 degrees.

Question 4

Write structure of propan-1-ol. 

Answer

The structure of propan-1-ol is CH₃CH₂CH₂OH.

Question 5

Write the C – C – H bond angle in acetylene. 

Answer

The C-C-H bond angle in acetylene is 180 degrees.

Question 6

Write the product formed by the reaction of ethylene with Br₂ / CCl₄. 

Answer

1,2-Dibromoethane is formed by the reaction of ethylene with Br₂ / CCl₄.

Question 7

Write the structure of the aldehyde group. 

Answer

The aldehyde functional group has the structure RCHO, where R is a substituent attached to the carbonyl carbon (C=O).

Question 8

What is IUPAC name of ethyl alcohol ? 

Answer

The IUPAC name of ethyl alcohol is ethanol.

Question 9

What is alkyl group? 

Answer

An alkyl group is a group of atoms derived from an alkane by removing one hydrogen atom. It is a univalent radical with the general formula C_nH_2n+1.

Question 10

What is CNG ?

Answer

CNG stands for Compressed Natural Gas. It is a fuel composed mostly of methane, compressed to a pressure of around 200-248 bar for use in vehicles.

Short answer type questions

Question 1

What is a denatured spirit?

Answer

Denatured spirit is ethyl alcohol that has been treated with additives to make it unfit for human consumption. This is done to avoid paying excise duty on pure ethyl alcohol. It is often used as a solvent and fuel in various industries.

Question 2

Write the harmful effects of methyl alcohol.

Answer

Methyl alcohol is toxic and can cause severe health effects such as blindness, nervous system damage, and even death if ingested in high amounts. It can also be harmful when inhaled or absorbed through the skin, causing dizziness, headache, and nausea.

Question 3

Write the reaction of ethyl alcohol with acetic acid.

Answer

The reaction of ethyl alcohol with acetic acid in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid as a catalyst forms ethyl acetate and water.

CH₃COOH + C₂H₅OH → C₂H₅COOCH₃ + H₂O.

Question 4

Write in short the importance of use of recycle polymer.

Answer

The use of recycled polymer helps to reduce waste and conserve resources by using materials that have already been produced.

Question 5

What are biodegradable polymers? Give example.

Answer

Biodegradable polymers are those polymers that can be broken down into natural substances by microorganisms such as bacteria or fungi. Examples of biodegradable polymers include polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), and polycaprolactone (PCL).

Question 6

Compare the physical and chemical properties of ethylene and polyethylene.

Answer

• Ethylene is a gas at room temperature, while polyethylene is a solid polymer.
• Ethylene is a simple hydrocarbon with the molecular formula C₂H₄, while polyethylene is a polymer made up of repeating ethylene units.
• Chemically, ethylene is relatively unreactive, while polyethylene can undergo various chemical reactions, such as oxidation, hydrolysis, and degradation.
• Ethylene has a lower molecular weight and density compared to polyethylene.

Question 7

What is LPG ? mention its use.

Answer

LPG stands for liquefied petroleum gas, which is a mixture of hydrocarbon gases, mainly propane and butane.

Use: It is widely used as a fuel in various applications, including heating, cooking, transportation, and industrial processes.

Question 8

Mention the industrial source and use of methane.

Answer

Industrial Sources of Methane:

• Natural gas production
• Landfills
• Agriculture
• Wastewater treatment plants

Industrial Uses of Methane:

• Fuel for heating and electricity generation
• Chemical feedstock
• Transportation fuel
• Residential and commercial heating

Question 9

What are alkyl groups and functional groups in organic compound ?

Answer

Alkyl groups and functional groups are both types of groups that can be found in organic compounds.

An alkyl group is a type of group that consists of a chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms, with the general formula C_nH_2n+1.

Question 10

Distinguish between propanol and ethyl methyl ether by a chemical test. (Hints : Use metallic Na to distinguish)

Answer

When metallic sodium is added to a solution of propanol in anhydrous ether, a violent reaction occurs, with the formation of sodium alkoxide and hydrogen gas. The reaction can be represented as follows:

3CH₃CH₂CH₂OH + 3Na → 3CH₃CH₂CH₂ONa + H₂

On the other hand, when metallic sodium is added to a solution of ethyl methyl ether in anhydrous ether, no reaction occurs. This is because ether does not contain a hydroxyl (-OH) group that can react with sodium to form sodium alkoxide.

Long Answer (LA) type questions

Question 1

Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds, explain. 

Answer

Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the study of carbon-based compounds and their properties, reactions, and synthesis. Carbon is a unique element that has the ability to form strong covalent bonds with other carbon atoms and with other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and halogens. These strong covalent bonds allow for the formation of a wide range of organic molecules with diverse structures and properties.

Question 2

Write the difference between organic and inorganic compound in respect of (i) Melting point (ii) solubility (iii) Electrical conductivity. 

Answer

(i) Melting point:

• Organic compounds generally have lower melting points than inorganic compounds.
• This is due to weak intermolecular forces between organic molecules compared to strong ionic or covalent bonds in inorganic compounds.

(ii) Solubility:

• Organic compounds are generally more soluble in nonpolar solvents such as benzene, toluene, and hexane.
• Inorganic compounds are generally more soluble in polar solvents such as water.
• This is due to the polarity of the compounds and the solvent used.

(iii) Electrical conductivity:

• Inorganic compounds are generally good conductors of electricity in their molten or aqueous state.
• Organic compounds are generally poor conductors of electricity.

Question 3

What is catenation property? Why carbon exhibit this property ? 

Answer

Catenation property is the ability of an element to form bonds with other atoms of the same element to form long chains or rings.

Reason : Carbon has a small atomic size and the availability of four valence electrons, which allows it to form strong covalent bonds with other carbon atoms through hybridization.

Question 4

Write the structure of ethane. 

Answer

Ethane :

Question 5

What are saturated and unsaturated organic compouds ? Give example. 

Answer

Saturated organic compounds are molecules that contain only single bonds between carbon atoms. Examples of saturated organic compounds include alkanes like methane (CH₄), ethane (C₂H₆), and propane (C₃H₈).

Unsaturated organic compounds are molecules that contain one or more double or triple bonds between carbon atoms. Examples of unsaturated organic compounds include alkenes like ethene (C₂H₄), propene (C₃H₆), and butene (C₄H₈), as well as alkynes like ethyne (C₂H₂) and propyne (C₃H₄).

Question 6

What are the characteristic, properties of saturated and unsaturated compounds ? Give example. 

Answer

Saturated and unsaturated compounds have distinct characteristics and properties. Here are some of them:

Characteristics of Saturated Compounds:

• Saturated compounds contain only single bonds between carbon atoms.
• Saturated compounds have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms bonded to each carbon atom.

Properties of Saturated Compounds:

• Saturated compounds have high melting and boiling points due to their strong intermolecular forces.
• Saturated compounds are generally insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents.

Examples of Saturated Compounds:

• Methane (CH₄)
• Ethane (C₂H₆)

Characteristics of Unsaturated Compounds:

• Unsaturated compounds contain one or more double or triple bonds between carbon atoms.
• Unsaturated compounds have fewer hydrogen atoms bonded to each carbon atom than saturated compounds.

Properties of Unsaturated Compounds:

• Unsaturated compounds have lower melting and boiling points than saturated compounds due to weaker intermolecular forces.
• Unsaturated compounds are often more soluble in polar solvents than in nonpolar solvents.

Examples of Unsaturated Compounds:

• Ethene (C₂H₄)
• Propene (C₃H₆)

Question 7

What are structural isomerism ? Give examples. 

Answer

Structural isomerism is a type of isomerism in which molecules have the same molecular formula but differ in the way the atoms are arranged in the molecule. In other words, structural isomers have different structures or arrangements of atoms, but the same chemical formula.

For examples:

Butane and 2-methylpropane: Both of these molecules have the same molecular formula of C₄H₁₀, but they have different structures. Butane is a straight-chain molecule with four carbon atoms, while 2-methylpropane has a branched structure with one carbon atom branching off from the main chain.

Question 8

What do you mean by homologous series and homologues?

Answer

A homologous series is a group of organic compounds that have similar chemical properties, share a general formula, and differ by a constant increment in their molecular structure.

Homologues are compounds that belong to the same homologous series and have the same functional group, but differ in the number of carbon atoms in their molecule. They have similar chemical properties, but their physical properties (such as melting and boiling points) increase as the molecular size increases.

Question 9

What are polymers and monomers? Explain with an example. 

Answer

Polymers are large molecules made up of repeating units called monomers. Monomers are small molecules that can link together to form a polymer. The process of linking monomers together is called polymerization.

For example, the polymer polyethylene is made up of repeating units of the monomer ethylene. Ethylene has the chemical formula C2H4 and is a gas at room temperature. When ethylene molecules undergo polymerization, they link together to form a long chain of polyethylene molecules.

Question 10

Write the use and reactions of acetic acid. 

Answer

Uses of acetic acid:

1. Vinegar production
2. Chemical synthesis
3. Food and beverage industry

Acid-base reactions:

1. Acetic acid + sodium hydroxide → sodium acetate + water

Esterification reactions:

1. Acetic acid + alcohol + catalyst → ester + water

Oxidation reactions:

1. Acetic acid + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
2. Acetic acid + potassium permanganate → carbon dioxide + water

Question 11

Write the harmful effects of methanol and ethanol.

Answer

Methanol and ethanol are two types of alcohol with different properties and uses. While both can be harmful if ingested or used inappropriately, they have different effects on the body.

Harmful effects of methanol:

1. Methanol is highly toxic if ingested or inhaled, and can cause severe health effects including blindness, coma, and death.
2. Methanol poisoning can cause irreversible damage to the optic nerve, leading to blindness.
3. Methanol can cause skin irritation and burns if it comes into contact with the skin.
4. Methanol can be toxic to aquatic life and can contribute to air pollution.

Harmful effects of ethanol:

1. Ethanol is a psychoactive substance that can be addictive and lead to alcohol dependence.
2. Ethanol is metabolized in the liver and can cause liver damage or cirrhosis if consumed in excess.
3. Ethanol can impair judgement, coordination, and reaction time, leading to accidents or injuries.
4. Long-term consumption of ethanol can increase the risk of certain types of cancer, such as liver, esophageal, and breast cancer.

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