FORMULA CHAPTER
Chapter 05 – Ratio and Proportion
Proportion
Worked example
Given: 2 : 3 = 4 : 6 Check: 2/3 = 4/6 Answer: The ratios are in proportion.
Product of Means and Extremes
Worked example
Given: 2 : 3 = 4 : 6 Calculation: 3 × 4 = 2 × 6 Answer: 12 = 12
Invertendo
Worked example
Given: 2/3 = 4/6 Invertendo: 3/2 = 6/4 Answer: Both inverted ratios remain equal.
Alternendo
Worked example
Given: 2/3 = 4/6 Alternendo: 2/4 = 3/6 Answer: Both ratios equal 1/2.
Componendo
Worked example
Given: 2/3 = 4/6 Componendo: 5/3 = 10/6 Answer: Both ratios equal 5/3.
Dividendo
Worked example
Given: 4/2 = 6/3 Dividendo: 2/2 = 3/3 Answer: Both ratios equal 1.
Componendo and Dividendo
Worked example
Given: 4/2 = 6/3 Calculation: (4 + 2)/(4 - 2) = (6 + 3)/(6 - 3) Answer: 3 = 3
Continued Proportion
Worked example
Given: 1, 2, 4, 8 Check: 1/2 = 2/4 = 4/8 Answer: They are in continued proportion.
Equal Ratios with Constant of Proportion
Worked example
Given: a/b = c/d = 3, b = 2, d = 5 Calculation: a = 2×3, c = 5×3 Answer: a = 6, c = 15.
Combined Ratio of Equal Ratios
Worked example
Given: 2/4 = 3/6 = 5/10 Calculation: (2+3+5)/(4+6+10) = 10/20 Answer: 1/2.
Extended Continued Proportion
Worked example
Given: 8/4 = 4/2 = 2/1 Calculation: Each ratio = 2 Answer: 8, 4, 2, 1 are in continued proportion.
Relations in Continued Proportion
Worked example
Given: 8, 4, 2, 1 Calculation: 4² = 8×2; 2² = 4×1; 8×1 = 4×2 Answer: All three relations hold.
Three-Quantity Ratio Relation
Worked example
Given: x:y:z = 2:3:4 and k = 5 Calculation: x = 10, y = 15, z = 20 Answer: 10:15:20 = 2:3:4.