Madhyamik Class 10 Geography Solved Paper 2018

Madhyamik Class 10 Geography Solved Paper 2018

Geography

Time – Three Hours and Fifteen Minutes

(First fifteen minutes for reading the question paper only)

Full Marks – 90

(For Regular and Sightless Regular Candidates)

Full Marks – 100

(For External and sightless External Candidates)

[Groups ‘A’ to ‘F’ are common for both Regular and External Candidates and Group ‘G’ is meant only for External Candidates]

(Question numbers 1, 2 and 3 are compulsory. Sightless candidates will answer the alternative questions as per the directive. Others will attempt map pointing.)

Special credits will be given for answers which are brief and to the point.

Marks will be deducted for spelling mistakes, untidiness and bad handwriting

Figures in the margin indicate full marks for each question.

Group – A

1. Write the correct answer from the given alternatives : [1×14=14]

1.1. The gorge formed in arid region is called as –

1. Canyon                 
2. ‘V’ shaped valley  
3. Potholes                
4. Dhand

Ans. (a) Canyon

1.2. Bird-foot delta is formed at the mouth of –

1. River Nile  
2. Hwang Ho
3. Indus river  
4. Mississippi-Missouri river

Ans. (d) Mississippi-Missouri river

1.3. The meteors that come towards the earth get burnt in the layer of –

1. Ionosphere  
2. Stratosphere  
3. Mesosphere
4. Exosphere

Ans. (c) Mississippi-Missouri River

1.4. A Tornado, the most destructive cyclone in the world is also called in the USA as –

1. Cyclone
2. Twister
3. Typhoon
4. Hurricane

Ans. (c) Typhoon

1.5. The merging of the cold Labrador current and warm Gulf stream current creates dense fogs and stormy weather conditions along –

1. Newfoundland coast
2. Guinea coast
3. Florida coast
4. Peru coast

Ans. (a) Newfoundland coast

1.6. On the days of Neap Tides the sun and the moon are at the following angles to each other in respect of the earth –

1. 180° 
2. 360°   
3. 90°     
4. 120°

Ans. (c) 90°

1.7. The following waste material is non-biodegradable by its nature  

1. Plastic wastes
2. Synthetic rubber wastes
3. Aluminium sheet
4. All are applicable

Ans. (d) All are applicable

1.8. The Telangana State was formed by separation from –

1. Madhya Pradesh          
2. Andhra Pradesh
3. Bihar                    
4. Uttar Pradesh

Ans. (b) Andhra Pradesh

1.9. The plain, which is formed along the foothills of Siwalik Himalaya by the deposition of small rock fragments is called as  

1. Khadar 
2. Bhangar
3. Bhavar
4. Bet

Ans. (c) Bhavar

1.10. An example of one salt hike in India is –

1. Pangong lake  
2. Bhimtal
3. Dal lake  
4. Loktak lake

Ans. (a) Pangong lake

1.11. The Laterite soil is found in the region of –  

1. Ganga plain
2. The western slope of Western Ghat
3. Sundarban
4. Desert region

Ans. (b) Western slope of western ghat

1.12. Wheat is a

1. Rabi crop                
2. Kharif crop
3. Zaid crop                
4. Beverage crop

Ans. (a) Rabi crop

1.13. The proposed fastest National Highway, which will connect Srinagar in the North with Kanyakumari in the South is called as

1. The East-West Corridor
2. The Golden Quadrilateral
3. The North-South Corridor
4. The North Central Corridor

Ans. (c) The North-South Corridor

1.14. The satellite sent by India is –

1. IRS                  
2. LANDSAT
3. SPOT                
4. Station

Ans. (a) IRS

Group – B

2. Answer the following questions [22]   

2.1. If the statement is true write “T’ and if false, write ‘F’ against the following

(Answer any six statements) : [1×6=6]

1. Potholes are formed at the base of the waterfall. [F]
2. The air pressure is measured with the help of Fortin’s Barometer. [T]
3. Changes in seasons are observed in the Equatorial region. [F]
4. The drought conditions develop on the western coast of South America due to the influence of El Nino in the Pacific Ocean. [T]
5. Tropical Evergreen forests are found in the states of Bihar and Chhattisgarh. [F]
6. Petrochemical Industry is called a “Modern Industrial Giant”. [T]
7. ‘Platform’ is the place in space where the Satellites are installed. [F]

2.2. Fill in the blanks with suitable words (Answer any six) : [1×6=6]

1. According to the name of ____ river, the zigzag course of a river is known as a meander.
2. Horizontal and Parallel cracks or fractures found on the Surface of a glacier are called ____.
3. Temperature increase with the increase of altitude in the atmosphere is called _____.  
4. During high tide, huge tidal waves entering through the mouth of a river from the sea are called as _____.
5. The wastes which after decomposition mix with air, water and soil are called as ____.
6. ____ is the highest part of the Meghalaya Plateau.
7. According to the 2011 census, the percentage of literacy rate in India is____.

Answer

1. Mendros
2. Crevasse
3. Inversion in Temperature
4. Tidal Bore
5. Bio-Degradable Waste
6. Shillong Peak
7. 74.04

2.3. Answer in one or two words (any six) : [1×6=6]

1. What is the name of the Sandy Desert in the Sahara?
2. In which layer of the atmosphere jet plane flies?
3. What is the main food of marine fish?
4. Name one radioactive waste.
5. Which one is the longest river of South India?
6. In Which forest of India lion is found?
7. Name the common multipurpose river valley project of the states of Jharkhand and West Bengal.
8. In which type of map, relief is shown by contour lines?

Answer

1. Erg
2. Stratosphere
3. Plankton
4. Thorium
5. Godavari
6. Gir
7. Damodar valley corporation
8. Topographical map

2.4. Match the left column with the right column : [1×4=4]

Ans. 2.4.1 – 3, 2.4.2 – 4, 2.4.3 – 1, 2.4.4 – 2.

Group – C

3. Answer the following questions in brief (Alternatives should be noted) : [2×6=12]

3.1. How are the “deflation hollows” formed?   

Answer

A deflation hollow is a vast depression on the sandy desert developed by the deflation action of wind erosion, i.e., by lifting and blowing away sands from the ground. Example-The Qattara Depression in Egypt.

OR

What is Iceberg?

Answer

When ice sheets reach down to the sea and float as ice shelves. Sometimes they may break into gigantic blocks and float freely in open water. The large block of freshwater ice is called Iceberg. Only 1/9^th of its mass is visible above the surface of the water.

3.2. What is ‘Chinook’?      

Answer

The word ‘Chinnok’ means ‘snow eater’. It is a hot and dry wind which blows along the eastern slope of the Rockies into the plains of prairie and melts the ice in winter thus helping in agriculture.

OR

What is apogian tide?

Answer

A monthly tide of decreased range occurs when the Moon is at apogee (farthest from the earth).

3.3. How is the segregation of waste materials done?   

Answer

It is very important that wastes should be separated and collected according to their characteristics. For example, plastics should be kept in separate bags, metals in other and kitchen waste in another one. This practice should be enforced at the point of generation of waste itself. Thus collection and disposal of waste become easier.

OR

What do you mean by ‘Recycling the waste’?  

Answer

Recycling is the processing of used materials (waste) into new, useful products. This is done to reduce the use of raw materials that would have been used. Recycling also uses less energy and great way of controlling air, water and land pollution.

3.4. Name two physiographic divisions of the Karnataka Plateau.   

Answer

(i) Malnad (ii) Maidan

OR

Mention two purposes of rainwater harvesting.

Answer

Purposes of rainwater harvesting

1. Conservation: Rainwater harvesting helps conserve water by capturing and storing rainwater, reducing the demand for freshwater sources such as rivers and groundwater.
2. Sustainable water supply: It provides an additional source of water for various purposes, including irrigation, gardening, and non-potable household uses, thereby promoting self-sufficiency and reducing reliance on municipal water supplies.

3.5. State the importance of terrace cultivation.   

Answer

The steep slope of land in hilly regions increases the speed of soil erosion. In terrace cultivation, the slope is cut into steps or stairs (resembling a terrace). Thus, the general slope of the land is reduced and flat stretches of land are created along the hills. This helps to reduce the speed of running water, thus reducing soil erosion. Terrace cultivation is commonly practised for the cultivation of rice, wheat, soybean etc. Hence, terrace cultivation is of immense importance in reducing soil erosion and helping in soil conservation in mountainous areas.

OR

What is sustainable development?

Answer

Sustainable development refers to a concept that aims to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It emphasizes achieving a balance between social, economic, and environmental aspects of development to ensure long-term well-being.

3.6. What is meant by satellite Imagery?

Answer

Satellite imagery refers to the visual or digital representation of Earth or other celestial bodies captured by satellites orbiting around them. Satellites equipped with specialized cameras or sensors capture images of the Earth’s surface, atmosphere, or other objects from space.

OR

Define topographical Map.

Answer

A topographical map or toposheet is a special type of map where several physical features as well as the man-made or artificial features of the same place are represented in one single map with the help of conventional symbols. E.g. relief, drainage settlements, temples, transport, etc.

Group – D

4. Give a brief explanatory answer of the following (Alternative should be noted) : [3×4=12]

4.1. Explain why a delta is formed at the mouth of a river.

Answer

A delta is formed at the mouth of a river because of the following reasons

1. Sediment deposition: A river carries a significant amount of sediment, such as sand, silt, and clay, as it flows downstream. When the river reaches the mouth and enters a body of water with slower-moving currents, the sediment-laden water slows down, causing the sediment to settle and accumulate.
2. Erosion and branching: The river’s flow branches out into multiple distributaries as it reaches the mouth, spreading the sediment load over a wider area. These distributaries slow down further, causing more deposition and creating a network of channels that form a delta. The repeated process of erosion and deposition by the river leads to the formation and expansion of the delta over time.

OR

Why does temperature decrease with the increase in altitude in Troposphere?

Answer

The temperature decrease with the increase in altitude in the Troposphere because of the following reasons:-

1. Decreased air pressure: As altitude increases, the pressure of the atmosphere decreases. With lower pressure, air molecules have more space between them, resulting in decreased molecular collisions and less heat transfer. This leads to a drop in temperature.
2. Adiabatic cooling: As air rises in the troposphere, it expands due to the decreasing atmospheric pressure. The expansion of air molecules requires energy, which is taken from the surrounding air, causing adiabatic cooling and a decrease in temperature.
3. Radiation and convection: The Earth’s surface is heated by solar radiation, and this heat is transferred to the air through conduction and convection. Near the surface, convection transfers warm air upwards. As the air rises, it expands and cools, maintaining a temperature gradient with increasing altitude.

4.2. What are the methods of controlling gaseous waste material?    

Answer

The most important instrument for controlling gaseous waste is the scrubber.

There are two ways for controlling and purifying the gaseous wastes in a scrubber machine.

1. Wet scrubbing – In wet scrubbing, the liquid is sprayed into the disposed of gas in a spray chamber. Contact with the spray liquid removes the pollutants of the gas.
2. Dry scrubbing-  In dry scrubbing pollutants are removed from the gas by use of absorption. It is a multiple or single-stage systems used in the treatment of gas streams by controlling the amount of acidity, particles, toxins, metals and odours before releasing them into the atmosphere.

OR

How is the reduction of waste made?

Answer

1. Source reduction: By focusing on reducing waste at the source, such as through product design and manufacturing processes, the overall generation of waste can be minimized.
2. Recycling and composting: Implementing effective recycling and composting programs allows for the recovery and reuse of materials that would otherwise be discarded as waste.

4.3. Discuss in brief three main measures adopted for the conservation of forests in India.

Answer

Main measures adopted for the conservation of forests in India

1. Strict laws and enforcement against illegal activities like deforestation, encroachment, and poaching.
2. Planting new trees and restoring degraded lands through afforestation and reforestation programs.
3. Involving local communities in forest management and decision-making through initiatives like Joint Forest Management (JFM).

OR

What do you mean ‘by the ‘Modern Communication System’?

Answer

Communication refers to the process of getting in touch with people without actually moving from one place to another. On the other hand, communication means the transmission of words and messages. Modern communication developed with the rise of telecommunication. It now communicates messages instantly anywhere on the globe and talks by telephone, fax, and internet on the opposite side of the globe directly and instantly.

4.4. What are the differences between Topographical Map and Satellite Imagery?

Answer

Differences between Topographical Map and Satellite Imagery

OR

State three uses of the Topographical Map.

Answer

Three uses of Topographical maps:

1. Navigation and Orientation: Topographical maps help people navigate and orient themselves in unfamiliar areas, providing detailed information about landmarks, terrain features, and geographical references.
2. Outdoor Recreation: Topographical maps are used by hikers, campers, and outdoor enthusiasts for planning routes, identifying trails, and understanding the terrain and elevation changes to ensure safe and enjoyable outdoor activities.
3. Surveying and Engineering: Topographical maps are essential for surveying and engineering projects. They provide accurate information about the shape of the land, including elevation, contours, slopes, and other physical features, enabling engineers and surveyors to plan infrastructure, construction projects, and land development.

Group E

[Sketches are not essential for the Sightless Candidates]

5. Answer the following questions [20]

5.1. Answer any two questions from the following : [5×2=10]

5.1.1. Describe with sketches the major landforms produced by fluvial glacial deposition.

Answer

The deposits that happen within the glacier are revealed after the entire glacier melts or partially retreats. Fluvio-glacial landforms and erosional surfaces include outwash plains, kames, kame terraces, kettle holes, eskers, varves, and proglacial lakes.

5.1.2. Explain with sketches the origin and direction of planetary Winds of the world.

Answer

Winds which blow throughout the year from high-pressure to low-pressure belts are known as planetary winds. They are

(a) Trade winds – The winds blowing from the subtropical high-pressure area towards the equatorial low-pressure belt are known as the trade winds.

They deflect to their right in the northern hemisphere according to Ferrel’s law due to the rotational movement of the earth. Thus prevailing wind has been named northeast trades. In the southern hemisphere deflection of the wind is towards the left, this causes the ‘South-East trades.”

Characteristics-

1. They blow from 5°-30° North and south of the equator.
2. In the northern hemisphere, it blows with a speed of 15 – 20 km per hour and in the southern hemisphere, it blows with a speed of 25-35 km/hour.
3. On the way of trade winds deserts are formal in the western parts of the continents.

(b) Westerlies – Winds blowing from subtropical high-pressure belts to subpolar low-pressure belts in both hemispheres are known as westerly.

In the southern hemisphere, they deflect to their left according to Ferrel’s law and blow as northwest westerlies. But in the northern hemisphere due to deflection, they blow as southwest westerlies.

Characteristics –

1. They blow from 30°-60°N and south latitudes.
2. They blow with great velocities due to vast stretches of water bodies in the southern hemisphere.
3. Westerlies give rain in the western parts of the continent of the temperate region.
4. Temperate grasslands are formed in the eastern parts of the continents due to less rainfall caused by westerlies.

(c) Polar winds-Winds blowing from the polar high-pressure belts to sub-polar low-pressure belts in both hemisphere are known as polar winds.

According to Ferrel’s law in the northern hemisphere, polar winds blow as North East Polar winds and in the southern hemisphere they blow as South East Polar winds.

Characteristics-

1. Polar winds are dry and cold in nature.
2. Due to the influence of polar winds, more rainfall occurs in winter than in other seasons.
3. Snow storms occur in subpolar regions due to polar wind.

5.1.3. Discuss the major characteristic features of Tropical Monsoon climatic regions.

Answer

The major characteristic features of Tropical Monsoon climatic regions include:

1. Seasonal Shifting of Winds: Tropical Monsoon regions experience a seasonal reversal of wind patterns. This is caused by the northward and southward migration of the sun, leading to onshore winds blowing from the oceans towards the continents for six months and offshore winds blowing from land to sea for the remaining six months. This wind pattern plays a crucial role in the formation of monsoons.
2. Summer Monsoon Rainfall: Monsoon regions receive the majority of their rainfall during the summer season. Moisture-laden winds from the oceans, driven by the prevailing onshore winds, bring heavy rainfall to these areas. The summer monsoons are a vital source of water for agriculture and overall ecosystem sustenance in these regions.
3. Temperature Variations: In Tropical Monsoon areas, the average temperature during the dry summer months typically ranges between 27°C and 32°C. In the winter months, the temperature variation is relatively milder, with daytime temperatures ranging from 10°C to 27°C. These temperature fluctuations contribute to the distinctive seasons experienced in these regions.

5.1.4. Explain the factors responsible for the origin of ocean currents.

 Answer

The main causes of the origin of ocean currents are:

1. Prevailing winds: The planetary winds or prevailing winds push the surface layers of the ocean water in front of them in a constant flow. If, due to a seasonal change, the direction of the wind is changed, the currents also have a similar change in their direction. In Tropical areas, the equatorial currents moving along with trade wind move from east to west. In Temperate regions, westerlies drive the seawater from west to east.
2. The difference in temperature: Temperature is low at the poles and high at the equator. The polar water is cool and becomes heavy and sinks. The equatorial water is warm, light and floats. This creates a convectional current and the polar water move towards the equator and vice versa.
3. The difference in salinity: The salinity of ocean water varies from place to place. The water of high salinity is denser than water of low salinity. Hence, the water of low salinity flows on the surface while the water of high salinity flows at the bottom of the oceans.
4. Rotation of the earth: The rotation of the earth generates a centrifugal force, which causes the generation of currents in the ocean water.

5.2. Answer any two questions from the following : [5×2=10]

5.2.1. Give a brief account of the physiography of the Western Himalayas of India.  

Answer

Physiography of the Western Himalayas: Himalayas of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttrakhand are known as the Western Himalayas. It can be divided from west to east into (i) The Kashmir Himalayas (ii) The Himachal Himalayas (iii) The Kumaun Himalayas.

1. Kashmir Himalayas: The Kashmir Himalayas lie in the state of Jammu and Kashmir from South to north. Jammu and Punch Hills, Pir Panjal and Zaskar range lie here. The famous Kashmir valley is also located here.
2. Himachal Himalayas: This Portion of the Himalayas is located in Himachal Pradesh occupying an area of about 56000 sq. Km. The three ranges of the Himalayas as the Siwalik Ranges, The Himachal Himalayas and The Himadri Himalayas are present here.
3. Kumaun Himalayas: This part of the Himalayas stretch in Uttrakhand acquires an area of 4600 sq. Km. Siwalik ranges lie to the south of this region. To its north Nagtibba and Mussouri of the middle Himalayas are located. Snow-covered peaks of the Great Himalayas such as Nanda Devi, and Gangotri Kedarnath are lies in the northern part of this region. Many famous valleys called Doon are lies in the south of this region.

5.2.2. Describe the favourable physical conditions required for the cultivation of cotton in India.

Answer

Cotton is an important fibre and cash crop in India. Following physical conditions are required for the production of cotton

1. Climate: Cotton is a tropical crop. It requires high temperatures and low rainfall. It is cultivated between 20°C to 26°C temperature. It should be a sunny sky during the growth of the plant frost is harmful to its growth. It requires 50 c.m. to 100 c.m. rainfall. Irrigation is required in areas with less rainfall. During the period of picking weather should be dry.
2. Land: Water logging is harmful to cotton plants so well drained land is ideal for cotton cultivation. Plains with gentle slopes are also favourable for its cultivation.
3. Soil: It is grown well in fertile black lava soil. Alluvial soil rich in lime is also suitable for its cultivation.
4. Labours: Cultivation of cotton requires plenty of cheap labours For planting, collecting the cotton balls, separating the fibre etc.

Maharashtra, Gujrat, Karnataka, Tamilnadu, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh are the major cotton producing states of India.

5.2.3. Explain the major factors responsible for the development of the Iron and Steel industry in Eastern and Central India.

Answer

Major factors responsible

1. Availability of raw materials: Eastern and Central India are rich in iron ore and coal, which are the two main raw materials required for the production of steel.
2. Availability of water: Water is essential for the cooling process in steel production. Eastern and Central India has a number of rivers and dams that provide a reliable source of water for the steel industry.
3. Availability of cheap labour: Eastern and Central India have a large pool of unskilled and semi-skilled labour that is available at relatively low wages. This has made it a cost-effective location for steel production.
4. Government policies: The Indian government has implemented a number of policies to promote the growth of the steel industry in Eastern and Central India. These policies include providing financial assistance, tax breaks, and land grants to steel companies.
5. Infrastructure: Eastern and Central India has a well-developed infrastructure, including roads, railways, and ports. This makes it easy to transport raw materials and finished products to and from the steel plants.
6. Market: Eastern and Central India is located close to major markets in India and South Asia. This provides a ready market for steel products.

5.2.4. Discuss the causes of Urbanization in India.

Answer

The different causes of urbanisation in India are 

1. The limited size of agricultural land: The limited size of agricultural land in India cannot provide employment to the whole rural population. Hence, unemployment, poverty and other problems push the rural population to the urban centres.
2. Change in thought: The mentality of rural people is also changing. They wish to settle in urban areas for educational facilities, trade, commerce, industrial jobs etc.
3. Free Lifestyle: Urban life is much more liberal and free from superstitions. Rural people thus tend to settle in urban areas.
4. Employment: The scope of employment is much higher and varied in urban areas. Hence, the rural population is attracted towards urban areas.
5. Entertainment: Urban areas have much more scope for entertainment and relaxation. This attracts much rural population.

Group – F

6. Locate the following with appropriate symbols and names on the given outline map of India. Attach the map with your answer paper : [1×10=10]

1. Siwalik range,
2. River Krishna,
3. The driest region of India,
4. One red soil region of India,
5. Central Forest Research Institute of India,
6. One Wheat growing region of Northern India,
7. ‘Manchester’ of South India,
8. The natural port of the Eastern Coast of India,
9. The main administrative centre of India,
10. The largest International Airport in India.

Answer

[For Sightless Candidates Only]

6. Answer any ten of the following questions : [1×10=10]

1. Which valley is located between the pirpanjal range and the Greater Himalayas?
2. Name the rift valley located between Vindhya and Satpura ranges.
3. What is the name of the Brahmaputra in Arunachal Pradesh?
4. Name the largest lagoon in India.
5. Name one state of India rich in black soil.
6. Name one species of mangrove forest.
7. Which district of West Bengal is known as the “Bowl of Rice”?
8. Which state of India ranks first in sugarcane production?
9. Name one animal based industry in India.
10. Name one automobile manufacturing centre of South India.
11. Name one Heavy Engineering Industrial centre of Eastern India.
12. Which port of India is “tax free”?
13. Name the state of India which has the highest population density.
14. World famous tea is produced in which the state of India.

Answer

1. The Kashmir Valley
2. The Narmada
3. Siang
4. Chilika Lake
5. Gujarat
6. Rhizophora racemose
7. Bardhaman, Midnapore, Birbhum, 24 Parganas, etc
8. Uttar Pradesh
9. The Dairy and Leather industry are the two industries based on animals in India.
10. Chennai
11. The main centres are Titlagarh, Jamshedpur and Raurkela.
12. Mumbai Port is one of India’s tax-free port
13. Bihar with 1,106 population persons per sq. km is the most thickly populated state
14. Assam

Group – G

[For External candidates only]

7. Answer the following questions

7.1. Answer any three questions : [2×3=6]

7.1.1. What is goura?

Answer

Gaur/Gour, as it is spelt mostly in modern times, refers to Lakhnauti the ruined city located on the India-Bangladesh border. Most of the former citadel is located in present-day the Malda district of West Bengal, India, while a smaller part is located in the Nawabganj District of Bangladesh.

7.1.2. What do you mean by the atmosphere?

Answer

The atmosphere is a thick blanket of air that surrounds the Earth. It stretches up to 10000 km above the earth’s surface and remains attached to the earth due to its gravitational pull. The major gases present in the atmosphere are— nitrogen (about 78.08%), oxygen (about 20.94%), argon (0.93%), carbon dioxide (0.03%), helium, hydrogen, krypton, methane, neon, ozone, xenon, etc.

7.1.3. What is meant by snowline?

Answer

Huge snowfall occurs in high altitudes as well as in polar regions. The imaginary line above which the snow near the mile total or below which the snow starts melting is called the snowline.

7.1.4. Name two industrial waste materials.

Answer

Types of industrial waste include dirt and gravel, masonry and concrete, scrap metal, oil, solvents, chemicals, scrap lumber, and even vegetable matter from restaurants.

7.2. Answer any four questions : [1×4=4]

1. What is the other name of 40ºS latitude?
2. From which glacier river Yamuna originated?
3. In which state of India maximum success of the Green Revolution has occurred?
4. Name one cultural city of West Bengal.
5. Where is the headquarter of ISRO located?

Answer

1. The Roaring Forties
2. The Yamunotri glacier
3. The state of Punjab led India’s Green Revolution
4. Kolkata
5. Bengaluru