Madhyamik Class 10 Geography Solved Paper 2017

Madhyamik Class 10 Geography Solved Paper 2017

Geography

Time – Three Hours Fifteen Minutes

(First fifteen minutes for reading the question paper only)

Full Marks – 90

(For Regular and Sightless Regular Candidates)

Full Marks – 100

(For External and sightless External Candidates)

[Groups ‘A’ to ‘F’ are common for both Regular and External Candidates and Group ‘G’ is meant only for External Candidates]

(Question numbers 1, 2 and 3 are compulsory. Sightless candidates will answer the alternative questions as per the directive. Others will attempt map pointing.)

Special credits will be given for answers which are brief and to the point.

Marks will be deducted for spelling mistakes, untidiness and bad handwriting

Figures in the margin indicate full marks for each question.

Group – A

1. Write the correct answer from the given alternatives : [1×14=14]

1.1. The process by which natural agents reshape the existing landscape over the earth’s surface is known as –

1. Exogenetic process
2. Endogenetic process
3. Orogenetic process
4. Epeirogenetic process

Ans. (a) Exogenetic process

1.2. The main erosional process of rivers over salt-dominated rock is –

1. Abrasion
2. Attrition
3. Hydraulic action
4. Solution

Ans. (d) Solution

1.3. The uppermost layer of the heterosphere is –

1. Hydrogen layer
2. Helium layer
3. Atomic oxygen layer
4. Molecular nitrogen layer

Ans. (a) Hydrogen layer

1.4. The instrument by which humidity of air mass is measured –

1. Thermometer
2. Barometer
3. Hygrometer
4. Anemometer

Ans. (c) Hygrometer

1.5. The influence of EL-Nino is observed in –

1. Atlantic ocean
2. Pacific ocean
3. Indian ocean
4. Arctic ocean

Ans. (b) Pacific ocean

1.6. When the distance between earth and moon becomes least, the generating tide is called –

1. Spring tide
2. Neap tide
3. Perigean tide
4. Apogean tide

Ans. (c) Perigean tide

1.7. The processes of waste management involve –

1. Reuse of waste
2. Recycling of waste
3. Reduction of waste
4. All of them

Ans. (d) All of them

1.8. The youngest state of India is –

1. Uttarakhand
2. Telengana
3. Chhattisgarh
4. Goa

Ans. (b) Telengana

1.9. Dust storms of North-West India in summer is called –

1. Kalbaishakhi
2. Andhi
3. Western Disturbance
4. Loo

Ans. (b) Andhi

1.10. A method followed in India to conserve soil is –

1. Irrigation
2. Jhum cultivation
3. Strip cropping
4. Animal rearing

Ans. (c) Strip cropping

1.11. The state, which ranks first in jowar production in India is –

1. Maharashtra
2. Uttar Pradesh
3. Bihar
4. West Bengal

Ans. (a) Maharashtra

1.12. The “silicon valley of India” refers to –

1. Chennai
2. Bengaluru
3. Kolkata
4. Delhi

Ans. (b) Bengaluru

1.13. The longest National Highway in India is –

1. National Highway 1
2. National Highway 2
3. National Highway 6
4. National Highway 7

Ans. (d) National Highway 7

1.14. The R.F. of a topographical map with 15’x15′ latitudinal and longitudinal extension is

1. 1 : 2,50,000
2. 1 : 1,00,000
3. 1: 50,000
4. 1: 25,000

Ans. (c) 1: 50,000

Group – B

2. Answer the following questions [22]

2.1. If the statement is true. write “T’ and if false, write ‘F’ against the following (Answer any six statements) : [1×6=6]

1. Seif dunes are transformed from Barkhan dunes. [T]
2. The ozone layer is known as “Natural sunscreen”. [T]
3. In Mediterranean regions, rainfall generally occurs in summer. [F]
4. Strait line alignment of the Sun, the Moon and the Earth is called  Syzygy. [T]
5. Most of the rice in India is cultivated in winter as Rabi crop. [F]
6. The most densely populated state of India is West Bengal. [F]
7. Different symbols are used to show geographical features in satellite images. [F]

2.2. Fill in the blanks with suitable words (Answer any six) : [1×6=6]

1. The plantation of landmass caused by different exogenic forces is called ____.
2. Long, narrow, winding, steep-sided, ridges formed by the fluvio-glacial deposits of sands and gravels are called ____.
3. In the Rainfall-Temperature graph of any place, if the temperature curve becomes downward during mid of the year then the station lies in ____ hemisphere.
4. _____ force of the earth causes secondary high tide.
5. Air conditioners emit _____ gas into the atmosphere.
6. Bhagirathi and _____ river meet at Devprayag to form the river Ganga.
7. _____ city is called as the “Manchester of South India”.

Answer

1. Gradation
2. Eskers
3. Southern
4. Centrifugal
5. CFC
6. Alakananda
7. Coimbatore

2.3. Answer in one or two words (any six) : [1×6=6]

1. Name the high land which separates two river systems.
2. What is the relative humidity of saturated air?
3. What type of current originates in the tropical ocean?
4. What type of waste material is plastic?
5. Name the highest mountain pass in India.
6. Where is the largest mangrove forest in the World located?
7. Which soil of India is ideal for cotton cultivation?
8. Which roadway has connected Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata?

Answer

1. Watershed
2. 100%
3. Warm current
4. Non Biodegradable
5. Khardung La.
6. Sunderbans
7. Black soil
8. Golden Quadrilateral

2.4. Match the left column with the right column : [1×4=4]

 Ans. 2.4.1 – 3, 2.4.2 – 1, 2.4.3 – 4, 2.4.4 – 2

Group – C

3. Answer the following questions in brief (Alternatives should be noted) : [2×6=12]

3.1. How are the bird’s foot deltas formed?

Answer

The rivers with high velocity carry suspended finer materials inside the oceanic water. These fine materials settle down on either side of the main channel and thus a linear delta is formed. The distributaries of the main channel also form linear segments of the delta. These linear bars of sediments on either side of the distributaries of the main channel resemble the bird’s foot.

OR

What is Bergschrund ?

Answer

On high mountains, cracks are sometimes formed on the glacier due to unequal movement of the solid ice mass. The deep vertical crack which opens up at the head of the glacier, when the ice breaks away from the rock wall behind, is called Bergschrund. If there is not an ice apron on the Rockwall, the gap is called a Randkluff.

3.2. Mention two characteristic features of Jet Streams.

Answer

Characteristic features of Jet Streams

1. Temperate cyclones mainly occur due to the effect of the Jet stream.
2. Advent and retreat of monsoon winds depend on jet streams in South and south-east Asian countries.

OR

What is a tidal bore?

Answer

When a tide enters the narrow and shallow estuary of a river, the front of the tidal wave appears to be vertical owing to the piling up of water of the river against the tidal wave and the friction of river bed. The steep nosed tide crest looks like a vertical wall (5-6 meters high) of water rushing upstream and is known as Tidal Bore. Tidal Bores are common in the Hooghly River.

3.3. What do you mean by landfills in waste management?

Answer

Disposing or dumping or burying of solid wastes in an organized way in a land far away from the locality or town is known as a landfill.

OR

What is meant by recycling of waste?

Answer

Recycling is the processing of used materials (waste) into new, useful products. This is done to reduce the use of raw materials that would have been used. Recycling also uses less energy and great way of controlling air, water and land pollution.

3.4. Define “Burst of Monsoon”.

Answer

By October to November southwest monsoon winds begin to retreat. During this season, as the southwest monsoon winds retreat, the northeast monsoon winds approach, and sometimes they collide, resulting in the formation of cyclones, particularly the coastal strip of Orissa, Bey of Bengal. In West Bengal, these cyclones are known as ‘Aswiner Jhar’.

OR

Mention two purposes of “Social Forestry”.

Answer

Two purposes of “Social Forestry”

1. Social forestry aims to provide the common man with timber, fuel, wood, fodder etc.
2. Making unused barren land economically profitable.

3.5. What do you mean by subsistence agriculture?

Answer

Subsistence agriculture: Indian agriculture is a subsistent type of agriculture. The farmers produce crops with the objective of meeting domestic needs rather than the production of surplus for national and international markets.

OR

Define the Information Technology industry.

Answer

Information technology is the application of computers and telecommunication equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data in the context of a business or other enterprise. The term is now used as a synonym for computers and computer networks. Several other industries associated with information technology are computer hardware, software, electronics, semiconductors, internet, telecom equipment, e-commerce and computer service.

3.6. What are the Geostationary satellites?

Answer

A communication satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio telecommunications signals via a transponder, it creates a communication channel between a source transmitter and a receiver at different locations on the Earth.

OR

What is “Remote sensing”?

Ans. Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object and thus in contrast to on-site observation. Remote sensing is used in numerous fields, including geography, land surveying etc.

Group – D

4. Give brief explanatory answers to the following (Alternatives should be noted): [3×4=12]

4.1. Why wind action is dominant in desert regions?

Answer

The wind is common in arid desert regions because Air near the surface is heated and rises, this movement of air results in winds. Arid regions have little or no soil moisture.

OR

Discuss the differences between sea breeze and land breeze.

Answer

Differences between sea breeze and land breeze

4.2. State the differences between bio-degradable and non-biodegradable wastes.

Answer

Differences between bio-degradable and non-biodegradable wastes.

OR

What are the advantages of the waste composting process?

Answer.

The benefits of composting are – Composting enriches the soil, helps retain moisture and suppresses plant diseases and pests. It encourages the production of beneficial bacteria and fungi that break down organic matter to create humus, a rich nutrient-filled material. Reduces methane emissions from landfills and lowers your carbon footprint.

4.3. Discuss in brief three main causes of agricultural development in the states of Punjab and Haryana.

Answer

Two specific states Punjab and Haryana are the most important name in the field of agriculture.

The main reason for their agricultural property are:-

1. Soil-The soil of these regions is formed by the deposition of silt brought down by the river Indus and its five tributaries. Hence the soil is very fertile. The production rate of crops is very high due to the predominance of different minerals and sand in the soil.
2. Irrigation-Two largest multipurpose projects of India lie in these two states. Vast areas of this region are irrigated through the Bhakra Nangal project, 3-4 times cultivation in a year is possible only for uninterrupted irrigation facilities, throughout the year.
3. High-yielding seeds- Norman Borlang took the initiative to increase agricultural production by introducing high-yielding seeds, in Punjab and Haryana, Using high-yielding seeds, the two states got ultimate success in the field of agricultural production.
4. Mechanised farming-In these states, tractors, and harvesters are used for cultivation. Mechanised way of farming helps to increase the agricultural production of the vast area.
5. Uses of chemical fertiliser and pesticide-Among all states of India, Punjab and Haryana use the maximum amount of chemical fertilisers and pesticides. As a result remarkable production is raised from H. Y. V. seeds.
6. Agricultural training and set up of agricultural university- Farmers are trained to follow the method of farming according to season and soil character. Research work is being continued in agricultural universities for the sake of the development of agriculture. Besides for the reasons such as fixing of pricing of crops by the Govt., extension of benefits, electricity, expanding the vast internal market, development of Govt. infrastructure etc. There is a remarkable development in agriculture in the state of Punjab and Haryana.

OR

State three main problems of urbanization in India.

Answer

The major problems faced due to urbanisation in India are-

1. Unplanned growth of urban areas – Rapid concentration of population in urban areas led to unplanned and unsystematic growth of towns and cities. Also, such unplanned growth of urban areas is engulfing much amount of agricultural land in the outskirts.
2. Accommodation– The rapidly growing population is difficult to house in the already existing urban areas. Hence, the growth of slums and downtrodden areas is seen in the fringes of towns and cities.
3. Availability of water– The amount of available water is not sufficient for the rapidly growing urban population. Hence, scarcity of water occurs.
4. Unemployment – A huge section of the population comes to urban areas in search of work But all of them do not get employment. Hence, the total percentage of unemployed in the urban areas increases.
5. Sewage and garbage disposal– The volume of disposable solid and liquid wastes is difficult to handle with the present sewage systems of urban areas. Thus, water dumping and logging of drains occur in urban areas, especially in slum areas.
6. Insufficient transport, education, medical and other social facilities– The available transport, education, medical and other facilities are not enough for the rapidly growing urban population.
7. Pollution and environmental degradation– Overpopulation caused a high rate of pollution and misuse and overuse of resources cause environmental degradation.

4.4. Discuss three major uses of satellite imagery.

Ans. Indian space research organisation (ISRO) and National Remote sensing agency research satellite imageries in India. These imageries provide-

1. Different weather conditions.
2. Drawing of flood and drought-related map.
3. List of crops.
4. Drawing of the map of marshy land and forest area.
5. Map of mountain terrain.
6. Imageries related to planning and development of soil, badland and ecosystem.
7. Imageries of the geological map.

OR

Give an account of different types of scales used in “topographical maps”.

Answer

Map scale represents the relationship between the distance of any two points on the map and the actual distance of the same two points on the ground. It can be expressed as Scale = map distance between two points/ground distance between the same two points

The scale of the topographical map is found at the bottom centre of the map. There are three ways in which the scale of a map is expressed:

1. Statement scale
2. Representative fraction
3. Linear scale.

Group – E

[Sketches are not essential for sightless candidates]

5. Answer the following questions [20]

5.1. Answer (any two) questions from the following: [5×2=10]

5.1.1. Describe with sketches the landforms developed by the combined action of wind and running water in the arid region.

Answer

Landform Created by Action of Wind: A landform is created depending upon the action of wind i.e. landform may be due to deposition or due to erosion caused by wind. Here are some land-forms:

Sand Dunes: Dune sands are usually very uniform in size and shape.

For sand dunes to form there must be an abundant supply of sand and steady winds. At a spot where winds meet with an obstacle, the speed of wind gets slowed down, and dunes form due to the deposition of sand carried by the wind.

The side of the dunes facing the wind has a gentle slope and the opposite side has a steep side. Because of the slow speed of the wind, the sand on the gentle slope gets carried to the top and comes down the steep slope on the other side and in this manner, sand dunes gradually move forward.

Loess: Loess is another major deposit created by wind. Loess is a soil finer than sand and is important for humans because it creates very fertile soil. Because of its small size, it can be held in suspension and carried great distances by wind. Loess transported from the desert regions of Central Asia has been deposited in layers in China.

Barchan or Barkhan: Crescent-shaped dune whose long axis is transverse to the dominant wind direction Barchans usually form where there is a limited supply of sand, reasonably flat ground, and a fairly even flow of wind from one direction.

Land-form Created by the action of Groundwater: Some water from the rainfall received on the earth’s surface seeps through the ground. Water that accumulates under the ground surface in this manner is called groundwater. Here are some landforms created by groundwater.

Sink Holes: Water on the ground surface seeps through limestone and some portion of limestone gets dissolved in that water. If this process continues over many years, these holes get enlarged and these holes are known as sinkholes. Sinkholes formed due to the erosion caused by the water.

Caves: Working slowly over many years, groundwater travels along small cracks.

The water dissolves and carries away the solid rock and gradually enlarging the cracks, eventually, a cave may form.

Stalactites and Stalagmites:

Groundwater carries dissolved minerals in solution.

These minerals are then deposited in the form of the stalactites and stalagmites.

These formations are formed inside the cave.

As the seeping water evaporates, calcium carbonate is deposited on the ceiling or roof of the cave, this deposition continues to grow slowly and a structure from ceiling to roof from which is called Stalactites.

The water drops on the floor of the cave also evaporate leaving behind calcium carbonate which accumulates over a period of time. This deposition from the ground to the roof is known as a stalagmite. When stalagmites and stalactites meet, it is known as a column. Stalactites and stalagmites are observed in the Parner Taluk of Ahmadnagar District, in Bastar District in Chhatisgarh and also in the Karst region of the former Yugoslavia now Serbia and Montenegro.

Landforms created by the action of Sea Waves:

Sea cliff:

The most widespread landforms of erosional coasts are sea cliffs.

The base of the rocks on the coast gets eroded because of the impact of the sea waves and notches develop in these rocks.

The crest of the rock overhangs the notch.

These notches in the rocks gradually extend landwards over a period of time, then the crest falls and a steep cliff which has receded away from the sea is formed.

Sea Cave:

Rocks on the coast have many cracks.

These cracks become wider and wider with the impact of the waves, creating small caves.

These types of caves are common in coastal area.

Beach:

The fine sand and other material that flows along with the sea waves get deposited in a direction parallel to the sea coast.

The deposition of sand and other material is called beach.

Sand Bar:

A deposition of sand which results in a long, narrow embankment in the sea near the cost is called a sand bar.

Lagoon:

A shallow lake is formed between the sand and the sea coast.

It is called a lagoon.

Such types of Lagoons lakes are called Kayal in Kerala.

5.1.2. Explain three major factors responsible for temperature variation in the atmosphere.

Answer

The major factors responsible for temperature variation in the atmosphere are:

1. Variation of Temperature: There is an inverse relationship between air temperature and air pressure. When air temperature increases air expands and rises up ward thus it develops low pressure. When air temperature decreases air becomes dense and descends thus it develops high pressure.
2. Variation of water vapour in air: Water vapour is lighter than pure air. Therefore moist air is lighter than dry air. Due to this reason moist air mass forms low pressure and dry air mass forms high pressure.
3. Altitude: Vertically, pressure decreases with an increase in height. On average for every 300 m rise, air pressure falls by 34 mb. The lower layer of the atmosphere is denser than the upper layer. So in lower plains atmospheric pressure is high and adjacent to high mountains air pressure is low.
4. Rotation of the earth: Due to the rotation of the earth and Centrifugal force the air at the poles is thrown away towards the equator and warms and light air above the equator is deflected to the north and south and descends over the tropics. Therefore subpolar low-pressure belt and subtropical high-pressure belt formed.

5.1.3. Discuss the influences of ocean currents all over the Earth.

Answer.

1. The difference in temperature – The regions where warm ocean currents pass become comparatively warmer, and the regions where cold currents pass become comparatively cooler.
2. Rainfall- Winds crossing warm ocean currents gather enough moisture and cause ample rainfall. Winds crossing cold ocean currents do not gather much moisture and hence do not cause much rainfall. Example – West coast of South America fog is found off The coast and one of the driest desert in the world called Atcama lie there.
3. Fog and storm- Regions, where warm and cold ocean currents pass by each other, remain foggy almost throughout the year and often face storms.
4. Parity of temperature-The ocean currents helps in temperature distribution be- tween higher and lower latitudes. This help to maintain parity in the temperature distribution of the world.
5. Frost-free harbour- The mouths of the harbours of the temperate and Frigid regions can remain frost free and usable in winter if hot currents pass through that region, due to increasing temperature.
6. Navigation – Ships can move faster and more easily along the ocean currents. The movement against the direction of currents is difficult, time-consuming and costlier.
7. Sand bars –When the warm and cold ocean currents meet, the icebergs being carried by the cold current melt and the sands pebbles etc, get deposited at the base, creating sand bars. These are economically very useful, as low depths near the sand bars attract many fishes that are easily acquirable.
8. Business and commerce –The sand bars are very useful for fishing and related trades. The growth of plankton on sand bars is the favourite food of the fish. Hence a huge catch of fish naturally leads to excellent business. Example-Grand Bank near Newfoundland.

5.1.4. Give a brief account of the influences of Global Warming.

Answer 

The effects of global warming are discussed below:

1. Melting of glaciers: Global warming increases the average temperature of the earth’s atmosphere, which results in the melting of ice caps and glaciers. This will submerge coastal areas due to an increase in the level of seawater. The fluvial cycles will be disturbed and landforms will change. Many flora and fauna may be destroyed.
2. Climatic change: The northern hemisphere will become hotter than the southern hemisphere due to the presence of more land masses here. The amount of rainfall in Tropical regions will increase by 10-15%. The northern countries may experience flood and the southern countries will experience drought in the northern hemisphere. Summers will be longer. The chances of thunderstorms and cyclones will increase.
3. Ecosystem: Change in climate due to global warming may result in the extinction of many species of birds, animals and plants.
4. Effect on vegetation and agriculture: Excessive heat may hamper the growth of coniferous trees in hilly areas. Mangroves may be drowned due to the rise in sea water level. Some crops like corn, sugarcane, jowar, bajra etc. will have increased production while crops like rice, wheat, barley, soybean, tobacco, jute etc, will reduce their growth. Barley, soybean, tobacco, jute etc, will reduce their growth.
5. Spread of diseases: The germs and bacteria will become highly active and spread diseases like dengue, malaria, yellow fever, encephalitis etc. Some tropical diseases may spread to higher latitudes also.
6. Spread of deserts: High temperatures and high rates of evaporation will turn many places arid and hence boost the spread of deserts.
7. Forest fires: Too much heat will dry up leaves and branches and cause frequent forest fires.

5.2. Answer (any two) questions from the following: [5×2=10]

5.2.1. State the physiographic differences between the Eastern and Western Coastal Plains of India.

Answer

Differences between Eastern and Western Coastal

5.2.2. Describe the favourable physical conditions required for the cultivation of sugarcane.

Answer

1. Climatic conditions – Sugarcane is a tropical crop and grows well in India.
2. Temperature – Temperature ranging from 20°-26°C is ideal for its growth.
3. Rainfall – Moderate to heavy rainfall of about 150 cm. during the rainy season is ideal. Cool and dry weather is required at the time of ripening.
4. Sea breeze – Sea breeze is ideal for its during growing season.
5. Land – Well drained sloping land is suitable for sugarcane cultivation..
6. Soil – Fertile loamy soil, rich in lime and salt is ideal for this crop.
7. Agricultural labour – A large number of cheap labour is required for its planting and harvesting.
8. Other requirements – (i) Well developed transport network is necessary for its quick from fields to the factory. The juice extracted from the plant dries up easily and its sugar content decreases, If it is not extracted within a day (24 hours) (ii) Fertiliser (iii) Capital (iv) Port and market, are the important factors.

5.2.3. Explain why the Petrochemical industry is more developed in Western India ?

Answer

The Petrochemical industry is more developed in Western India because:-

1. Availability of water – Water comes from the Tenughat reservoir, constructed across the Damodar River.
2. Electricity – Required electricity is supplied from Bokarao and Patratu Thermal power centres.
3. Cheap labour – Comes from Jharkhand as this area is not developed in agriculture so local people work in the industry as labour.
4. Developed transport system – The area is connected by the south-eastern railway, and NH-2, 23, 31, 33 national highways for transporting raw materials and finished products.
5. Favourable location of port – Location of Kolkata port within 320 km. favours importing raw materials and exporting finished products.
6. Ready market – The development of heavy engineering industries in Jamshedpur, Ranchi, and Durgapur favour the growth of steel plants.

5.2.4. Discuss five reasons, responsible for the uneven distribution of population in India.

Answer.

The population of India is not equally distributed all over the country. The main factors that influence the regional distribution of population are:

1. Relief: Plain land is more attractive for the population rather than mountains or plateaus due to ease of economic activities like agriculture, industry, transport, etc.
2. Climate: Regions having moderate marine climate attract populations much more rather than harsh and extreme climates. Eg.- Coastal plains of Kerala, Gangetic plains, etc.
3. Soil: Agriculture depends on the quality of the soil. Hence fertile regions attract more population rather than infertile regions.
4. Mineral resources and industry: The presence of mineral resources boast the growth of industries. The availability of jobs attracts many populations in these regions. Eg.-Chotanagpur plateau.
5. Transport and Communication: Regions with good transport facilities and communication networks attract the population for trade and commerce and other economic activities. Hence, the population concentrates near big railway junctions, ports, transport bottlenecks etc.
6. Rivers: The river basins have always been the cradles of ancient civilisations. Availability of water for drinking, household, navigation, agriculture etc. formation of fertile alluvial soil, attracts the population.
7. Natural vegetation: Moderately forested regions attract the population for economic activities like wood collection, wax, honey etc. Dense forests like the equatorial rainforest as well as tree-less regions like the Thar desert in Rajasthan, both repel the population.
8. Economic and political conditions: People concentrate in regions where there is economic and political stability rather than regions of disturbances.

Group – F

6. Locate the following with appropriate symbols and names on the given outline map of India. Attach the map with your answer paper : [1×10=10]

1. Nilgiri mountain,
2. River Tapti,
3. Region receiving rainfall twice a year,
4. A region of lateritic soil in Eastern India,
5. One millet-producing region of Western India,
6. The leading centre of Petrochemical industry of India,
7. The most densely populated Union Territory of India,
8. The Hi-tech Port of India,
9. A Mega City of Eastern India,
10. One international airport in South India.

Answer

Group – G

[For External Candidates Only]

7. Answer the following questions [10]

7.1. Answer any three questions : [2×3=6]

1. What is the exogenic process?
2. What is ‘Doldrums’?
3. Where are the submerged banks formed?
4. Name two bio-medical wastes.

Answer

1. The different forces of nature or agents of erosion which act on the earth’s outer surface are called exogenic or exterior processes. For example, weathering and erosion.
2. The equatorial low-pressure belt between 5° N and 5° S latitude is known as Doldrums. It is often called a belt of calm. The air is constantly heated due to high temperatures. The air expands and rises as convection currents.
3. Bank, rocky or sandy submerged elevation of the seafloor with a summit less than 200 m (650 feet) below the surface but not so high as to endanger navigation. Many banks are local prominence on continental or island shelves.
4. Types of Biomedical Waste
   (i) Sharps – Sharps objects like needles, scalpels, broken glass, and razors.
   (ii) Pathological Waste – Body parts of humans or animals, including tissues, fluids, or blood.

7.2. Answer any four questions : [1×4=4]

1. Name one Greenhouse Gas.
2. What is the other name for winter monsoon?
3. Where is the Central Agricultural Research Institute of India located ?
4. What is the colour used for perennial rivers in topographical maps.
5. In which climatic region of the World rainfall occurs throughout the year?

Answer

1. Methane is a greenhouse gas.
2. Northeast monsoon.
3. Garacharama, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
4. The topographical maps use the colour blue to show water bodies like perennial rivers, canals, well, tanks and springs.
5. The equatorial region receives rainfall throughout the year.