P - Normal male × Normal Female (but carrier)

Son-1 Normal - 1 Colour blind,

∴ 1 : 1, So 50% : 50%

Ammonia, Hydrogen and Methane were used in the experiment on the biochemical origin of life by Miller and Urey.

The four important features modified in the evolution of the horse:

1. Size: Horses have evolved to be much larger than their early ancestors. The first horses, called Eohippus, were about the size of a fox. Modern horses can be up to 18 hands high (6 feet tall).
2. The number of toes: Early horses had four toes on each foot. Over time, the number of toes has decreased, and modern horses have only one toe on each foot.
3. Teeth: Early horses had teeth that were adapted for browsing on leaves. Modern horses have teeth that are adapted for grazing on grass.
4. Brain size: The brain size of horses has increased over time. This is thought to be due to the need for more complex cognitive abilities, such as navigation and social behaviour.

Sundari plants excrete excess salt through specialized glands called salt glands. These glands are located on the underside of the leaves. The salt glands transport salt from the leaves to the stems, where it is excreted through pores. This process is known as transpiration-driven salt efflux.

Two microorganisms that participate in the process of biological nitrogen fixation:

• Rhizobium
• Azotobacter

The two damages as a result of acid rain:

• Damage to forests. Acid rain can damage trees by making it difficult for them to take up nutrients from the soil.
• Damage to aquatic life. Acid rain can make lakes and streams more acidic, which can harm fish and other aquatic life.

Four examples of damage to biodiversity as a result of global warming:

1. Species extinction: As the Earth's climate changes, many species will be unable to adapt and will go extinct.
2. Habitat loss: As the Earth's climate changes, many habitats will be destroyed or degraded.
3. Invasive species: As the Earth's climate changes, invasive species will become more common. These species are not native to the area and can outcompete native species for food and resources. This can lead to the decline or extinction of native species.
4. Disease: As the Earth's climate changes, the range of conditions will expand.

The major topics regarding biodiversity documented in the People’s Biodiversity Register (PBR) include:

1. Landscape – Cultivated lands, aquatic bodies (rivers, ponds, ditches, canals), forests, wastelands, pastures, gardens, burial grounds, and cemeteries.
2. Life Scape – Crop plants, vegetables, fruits, wild plants, wild animals, domestic animals, birds, insects, micro-flora, and fauna.
3. People Scape – Traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity and its use.
4. Ecological History – Information on the ecological history of the area.
5. Endemic and Endangered Species – Documentation of local endemic and endangered species.

The vertical section of the eyeball:

Metaphase of mitosis of an animal cell

Chromosomes and genes

Chromosomes are structures that contain genetic material. They are made up of DNA, which is tightly wrapped around proteins called histones. Genes are segments of DNA that code for specific proteins.

Euchromatin and heterochromatin

Euchromatin and heterochromatin are two types of chromatin, which is the material that makes up chromosomes. Euchromatin is less condensed than heterochromatin, and it is associated with active gene expression. Heterochromatin is more condensed than euchromatin, and it is associated with inactive gene expression.

Coiling

Euchromatin is more loosely coiled than heterochromatin. This makes it easier for transcription factors to access the DNA in euchromatin, and it allows for more active gene expression. Heterochromatin is more tightly coiled, which makes it more difficult for transcription factors to access the DNA. This leads to less active gene expression in heterochromatin.

Activity

Euchromatin is more active than heterochromatin. This is because euchromatin is more accessible to transcription factors, which are proteins that bind to DNA and regulate gene expression. Heterochromatin is less accessible to transcription factors, which is why it is less active.

Micropropagation is a technique for rapidly producing large numbers of plants from a single plant. It involves taking small pieces of plant tissue, such as leaves, stems, or roots, and growing them in a sterile environment on a nutrient-rich medium. The cells in the tissue culture multiply and differentiate into new plants.

The three phases of sexual reproduction in flowering plants are:

1. Production of gametes: In flowering plants, gametes are produced by the male and female reproductive organs, the stamen and pistil.
2. Fertilization: This process occurs when the pollen grain from the stamen lands on the stigma of the pistil. The pollen grain then germinates and grows a pollen tube, which delivers the sperm to the egg.
3. Formation of the embryo and new plant: After fertilization, the zygote (fertilized egg) divides repeatedly to form an embryo. The embryo develops into a seed, which contains the new plant. The seed then germinates and the new plant grows.