Question

Explain the terms :
(a) Lone pair of electrons
(b) Coordinate bond
Explain diagrammatically the lone pair effect of:
(a) The nitrogen atom of the ammonia molecule leading to the formation of ammonium ions [NH4]+
(b) The oxygen atom of the H2O molecule leading to formation of hydronium [H3O]+ and hydroxyl ions [OH]-

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Answer

(a) Lone pair of electrons — They are a pair of electrons not shared with any other atom.

(b) Coordinate Bond — It is a type of covalency which involves one of the combining atoms contributing both of the shared electrons. i.e., a bond formed by a shared pair of electrons with both electrons coming from the same atom.

(a) Formation of ammonium ions [NH4]+

Electron Dot structure of Ammonium Ion 1 e1722320244271

In ammonia, the ‘N’ atom contains one lone pair of electrons after completing it’s octet. This lone pair is accepted by the hydrogen ion of water leading to the formation of a coordinate covalent bond:

(b) Formation of hydronium (H3O)+ and hydroxyl ions [OH]

Electron Dot structure of Hydronium Ion

In water, the ‘O’ atom contains two lone pairs of electrons after completing it’s octet. These lone pairs are accepted by the hydrogen ion leading to the formation of coordinate covalent bond:

−O − H

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Chemical Bonding

Fill in the blanks with the correct word from the brackets:
(i) The bond between two elements in group 17[VIIA] of the periodic table is likely to be ____ [ionic/covalent].
(ii) In the reaction of Cl2 + 2KI ⟶ 2KCl + I2 the conversion of 2I to I2 is deemed as ____ [oxidation/reduction].
(iii) The covalent molecule containing three single covalent bonds is ____ [water/methane/ammonia].
(iv) The molecule of water combines with a ____ [hydrogen atom/proton/hydrogen molecule] to form a hydronium ion.
(v) For formation of an electrovalent bond between elements ‘X’ and ‘Y’ which are a metal and non-metal respectively, X should have a ____ [high/low] ionization potential and ‘Y’ a ____ [high/low] electron affinity.

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