What factors may be responsible for losses of grains during storage?

Grain losses during storage occur due to various biotic and abiotic factors, affecting both quantity and quality of stored grains.

Biotic Factors (Living Organisms):

1. Insects and Pests – Weevils, beetles, and moths feed on stored grains, causing damage.
2. Rodents – Mice and rats consume and contaminate grains with droppings.
3. Fungi and Bacteria – Moist conditions promote microbial growth, leading to spoilage.

Abiotic Factors (Environmental Conditions):

1. High Moisture Content – Leads to fungal growth and sprouting of grains.
2. Temperature Fluctuations – Affects grain quality and encourages pest infestation.
3. Improper Storage Conditions – Poor ventilation, leaky warehouses, or damp containers promote spoilage.