How do biotic and abiotic factors affect crop production?

Crop production is influenced by various biotic and abiotic factors, which can reduce yield and affect overall productivity.

Biotic Factors (Living Organisms):

1. Pests and Insects – Pests like boll weevil in cotton feed on crops, reducing yield.
2. Nematodes and Diseases – These affect plant roots and overall health, leading to poor growth.
3. Weeds – Compete with crops for nutrients, sunlight, and space, reducing crop productivity.

Abiotic Factors (Environmental Conditions):

1. Soil Salinity – High salt concentration affects water absorption, reducing crop growth.
2. Extreme Temperatures – Very high or low temperatures can hinder seed germination and plant growth.
3. Natural Calamities – Droughts and floods can cause severe damage, sometimes destroying the entire crop.